Background of bioreactors; Classification & configuration of bioreactors: bioreactor designs for microbial processes, mammalian cell culture, plant cell culture & environmental applications; ideal and non-ideal bioreactors, Sources of non-ideality; non-ideal parameters, continuous flow bioreactors, mean residence time, optimum feed flow rates, Bioreactor operations for industrial-important biological products and for biological treatment of wastewater Bioreactor system components and specifications: material of construction, valves, seals, septum, sampling ports; Agitation system design: impellers, spargers, baffles; Oxygen transfer: measurement and control; Bioreactor support system: sterilization and containment, system supplies. Instrumentation and control: measurement of process variables; Scale-up and scale-down strategies.